EXPLANATIONS and DEFINITIONS

"In God We Trust" as a motto was initiated by Union supporters to emphasize their attachment to God and to boost morale. It first appeared on the two-cent piece in 1864. Gradually, a much wider adoption followed in the 1950s. In July 1955 by a joint resolution of the 84th Congress was approved by President Dwight Eisenhower requiring "In God We Trust" to appear on all American currency. It was first implemented on the updated one-dollar silver certificate on October 1, 1957. July 30, 1956, Eisenhower declared it to be our national motto.

Jihad: a holy war waged on behalf of Islam as a religious duty. Also: a personal struggle in devotion to Islam especially involving spiritual discipline.

July's name was derived Julius Caesar, a Roman general, statesman, and historian who conquered Gaul (what is now part of Italy, France, Belgium, and the Netherlands), changed the structure of the Roman government into a dictatorship, was assassinated in legendary fashion.

Julius Caesar’s Birth:. The Cesarean section is “an operation by which a fetus is taken from the uterus by cutting through the walls of the abdomen and uterus.” It has been rumored that Julius Caesar himself was born in this way, although historians tend to question this etymology.

Lour: to be or become dark, gloomy, and threatening

Mujahideen: fighters, ultimately from jihad

Sharia: Islamic law as derived from the Koran and the traditions of Islam